Back in Time Today
Explore 29 significant events throughout world history that happened on March 21st, shaping cultures, nations, and ideologies. From battles and political changes to cultural milestones, each event left a lasting impact.
1. 537 – Siege of Rome: Byzantine Forces Repel King Vitiges’ Assault
In 537, the Byzantine Empire, under the command of General Belisarius, successfully defended Rome from the Ostrogothic assault led by King Vitiges.
The siege showcased the strategic prowess of the Byzantines and highlighted the importance of Rome as a pivotal city. The defense was marked by clever tactics, including utilizing the city’s ancient walls.
Vitiges’s forces, despite their might, were unable to breach these defenses. This victory allowed the Byzantines to maintain their influence in Italy, signifying a crucial moment in the Gothic War. The siege remains a testament to the enduring legacy of Roman military architecture.
2. 630 – Emperor Heraclius Returns the True Cross to Jerusalem
In 630, Emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire triumphantly returned the True Cross to Jerusalem. This event was a significant morale booster for the Christian world, symbolizing the triumph of Christianity over its adversaries.
The True Cross, believed to be the cross upon which Jesus was crucified, had been seized by the Persians during their conquest.
Heraclius’s victory and subsequent return of the relic was not only a religious triumph but also a political one, reinforcing Byzantine control over the Holy Land. For many, this was a restoration of faith and a symbol of divine favor.
3. 717 – Battle of Vincy: Charles Martel Defeats Ragenfrid
The Battle of Vincy in 717 saw Charles Martel, the Frankish military leader, defeat the forces of Neustrian Mayor Ragenfrid. This battle was crucial for Martel’s consolidation of power, laying the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire.
Martel’s victory at Vincy was characterized by his tactical ingenuity and the effective use of infantry, which would later shape medieval European warfare. The win strengthened Martel’s influence in Frankish politics, enabling him to act as de facto ruler.
This victory not only secured his position but also ensured the future ascendancy of his descendants, including Charlemagne.
4. 1152 – Annulment of the Marriage Between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine
In 1152, the marriage between King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine was annulled, a decision that had far-reaching political implications. The annulment was primarily due to the lack of a male heir, as well as personality clashes.
Eleanor, one of the wealthiest and most influential women of the time, went on to marry Henry II of England. This union significantly altered the balance of power, giving rise to the Angevin Empire.
The annulment allowed Eleanor to play a crucial role in European politics, influencing events across France and England.
5. 1180 – Emperor Antoku Accedes to the Throne of Japan
In 1180, the ascension of Emperor Antoku to the Japanese throne marked a pivotal moment in the Genpei War. Antoku, a mere child at the time, became a symbol for the Taira clan amid their conflict with the Minamoto.
His enthronement underscored the Taira’s political dominance, though it ultimately became a catalyst for turmoil. The Genpei War culminated in the eventual downfall of the Taira, with Antoku’s tragic demise at the Battle of Dan-no-ura.
Despite his short life, Antoku’s legacy is intertwined with this transformative period in Japanese history, shaping the future of Japanese governance.
6. 1556 – Execution of Thomas Cranmer: Former Archbishop of Canterbury Denounces the Pope
On March 21, 1556, Thomas Cranmer, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, faced execution for heresy under Mary I of England. Cranmer, a pivotal figure in the English Reformation, had previously denounced the authority of the Pope.
His execution was a significant event during the Marian persecution, aiming to restore Catholicism. Despite recanting his Protestant beliefs under duress, Cranmer reasserted his faith before his death.
His execution became emblematic of the religious turmoil in England and served as a martyrdom for the Protestant cause. Cranmer’s legacy continued to influence religious thought and the Church of England.
7. 1788 – Fire Devastates Most of New Orleans
In 1788, a catastrophic fire ravaged New Orleans, destroying more than 800 buildings, including the city’s major institutions. The fire, which started in a private residence, quickly spread due to high winds and the prevalent wooden construction.
This disaster left thousands homeless and reshaped the city’s architectural landscape. In the aftermath, reconstruction efforts led to the adoption of fire-resistant materials such as brick and slate.
The Great New Orleans Fire was a turning point in urban planning for the city, prompting changes that influenced its resilience and development. The event remains a significant chapter in New Orleans history.
8. 1800 – Pope Pius VII is Crowned in Venice with a Papier-Mâché Tiara
On March 21, 1800, Pope Pius VII was crowned in Venice, a unique ceremony due to the political turmoil of the time.
The use of a papier-mâché tiara symbolized the constrained resources and challenges faced by the papacy, having been forced to flee Rome.
This unusual coronation highlighted the shifting political landscapes of Europe, with Napoleon’s influence looming large. Despite the challenges, Pius VII’s papacy was marked by resilience, navigating the complexities of Napoleonic Europe.
His leadership during this tumultuous period is remembered for diplomatic prowess and adaptability, maintaining the papacy’s influence.
9. 1801 – The Battle of Alexandria: British Forces Defeat the French in Egypt
The Battle of Alexandria in 1801 was a decisive engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars. British forces, under General Ralph Abercromby, clashed with French troops near Alexandria, Egypt.
The battle was crucial for the British campaign to expel the French from Egypt, a key strategic location. Despite strong resistance, the British managed to secure victory, marking the decline of French influence in the region.
Abercromby, however, was mortally wounded and died shortly after the battle, adding a poignant note to the triumph. The victory was pivotal in reducing French power in the Mediterranean.
10. 1804 – The Code Napoléon is Adopted as French Civil Law
The adoption of the Code Napoléon in 1804 marked a transformative moment in legal history, establishing a unified legal framework in France.
Under Napoleon Bonaparte’s directive, the code streamlined disparate laws into a coherent system, emphasizing equality before the law and individual rights. Its influence extended beyond France, affecting legal systems globally.
The code addressed civil rights, property laws, and family relations, reflecting Enlightenment ideals. It provided a foundation for modern legal systems and underscored Napoleon’s impact on society.
The Code Napoléon remains a landmark achievement in legal and political reform, shaping governance worldwide.
11. 1814 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian Forces Repel French Troops at Arcis-sur-Aube
In 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars, Austrian forces successfully repelled French troops at the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube. This battle was part of Napoleon’s campaigns to defend his empire against the Sixth Coalition.
Despite his tactical brilliance, Napoleon faced overwhelming odds. The engagement at Arcis-sur-Aube highlighted the growing strength of the coalition forces. Napoleon’s retreat marked a turning point, foreshadowing his eventual abdication and exile.
The battle underscored the challenges Napoleon faced in maintaining his empire, as European powers united against him. Arcis-sur-Aube remains a significant event in the final days of the Napoleonic era.
12. 1821 – Greek War of Independence: Greek Revolutionaries Seize Kalavryta
The capture of Kalavryta in 1821 was a pivotal moment in the Greek War of Independence. Greek revolutionaries, fueled by a desire for freedom from Ottoman rule, successfully seized the town.
This victory was symbolic, marking the beginning of Greece’s struggle for independence. The uprising in Kalavryta ignited further revolts across the region, rallying support for the Greek cause.
The event underscored the determination and resilience of the Greek people. It became a catalyst for the broader national movement, ultimately leading to the establishment of an independent Greek state. Kalavryta remains a symbol of courage and resistance.
13. 1829 – The Wellington–Winchilsea Duel Takes Place in London
In 1829, the Duke of Wellington, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, participated in a duel with Lord Winchilsea. This event was sparked by political tensions surrounding the Catholic Emancipation Act, which Wellington supported.
Winchilsea opposed the act, leading to accusations of betrayal. The duel, fought with pistols, ended without bloodshed, as both parties deliberately missed.
This outcome highlighted the absurdity of dueling while underscoring the intense political climate of the time.
The incident demonstrated Wellington’s commitment to his policies, despite criticism. It remains a curious episode in British political history, reflecting the era’s social customs.
14. 1861 – Alexander H. Stephens Delivers the “Cornerstone Speech”
In 1861, Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States, delivered the infamous “Cornerstone Speech” in Savannah, Georgia.
His address articulated the ideological foundations of the Confederacy, emphasizing the belief in racial inequality and the institution of slavery.
The speech outlined the Confederacy’s commitment to maintaining these social hierarchies, sparking outrage and controversy. Stephens’s words became emblematic of the systemic racism underlying the Confederate cause.
The speech continues to be a critical reference point in discussions about the Civil War and its legacy. It remains a stark reminder of the historical divisions within the United States.
15. 1871 – Otto von Bismarck Becomes the First Chancellor of the German Empire
On March 21, 1871, Otto von Bismarck was appointed as the first Chancellor of the newly unified German Empire. This marked the culmination of Bismarck’s efforts to consolidate German states under Prussian leadership.
His appointment symbolized the success of Realpolitik and strategic diplomacy. Bismarck’s leadership was pivotal in shaping the political landscape of Europe, balancing power among nations.
His policies strengthened Germany’s position, fostering industrial and military growth. Bismarck’s tenure as Chancellor laid the groundwork for modern Germany, influencing European politics for decades. His legacy is characterized by unity, strength, and a complex interplay of alliances.
16. 1918 – World War I: Germany Launches Operation Michael, the First Phase of Its Spring Offensive
In 1918, Germany launched Operation Michael, the opening phase of its Spring Offensive during World War I. This ambitious campaign aimed to break the stalemate on the Western Front by outflanking Allied forces.
German troops achieved initial success, capturing strategic positions and advancing rapidly. However, logistical challenges and fierce Allied resistance halted their progress.
Operation Michael was a desperate attempt by Germany to secure victory before American forces could fully deploy.
The offensive failed to achieve its strategic objectives, leading to heavy casualties. It marked the beginning of the end for Germany in World War I, as Allied forces regrouped.
17. 1919 – Hungarian Soviet Republic is Established, Becoming Europe’s First Communist State After the October Revolution
In 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed, marking Europe’s first Communist state since the October Revolution.
Led by Béla Kun, this short-lived regime sought to implement radical social reforms, nationalizing industries and promoting workers’ councils. The republic faced internal dissent and external threats, including intervention from neighboring countries.
Its existence highlighted the post-World War I instability in Central Europe. Despite its brief duration, the Hungarian Soviet Republic influenced future leftist movements and served as a precursor to further Communist endeavors.
The regime’s collapse underscored the challenges of maintaining revolutionary change amidst geopolitical pressures.
18. 1921 – Bolsheviks Implement the New Economic Policy in Response to Economic Hardship
In 1921, the Bolshevik government in Russia implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP) to address severe economic hardship. This policy marked a strategic retreat from full state control, allowing limited private enterprise and market mechanisms.
The NEP aimed to stabilize the economy by boosting agricultural and industrial production. It represented a pragmatic approach by Lenin to rebuild the war-torn country.
The policy’s introduction was crucial for improving living standards and restoring public confidence. Despite its success in revitalizing the economy, the NEP was eventually abandoned in favor of more centralized policies. It remains a notable experiment in Soviet history.
19. 1925 – Tennessee Passes the Butler Act, Banning the Teaching of Evolution
In 1925, Tennessee passed the Butler Act, a law prohibiting the teaching of human evolution in public schools. This legislation reflected the growing tension between religious fundamentalism and scientific education in the United States.
The act led to the famous Scopes Trial, where teacher John Scopes was prosecuted for violating the law. The trial became a national spectacle, highlighting the conflict between religious beliefs and academic freedom.
Though Scopes was found guilty, the trial stimulated public debate on educational policy and individual rights. The Butler Act remained in effect until 1967, symbolizing a significant cultural clash in American history.
20. 1935 – Reza Shah Pahlavi Formally Renames Persia to Iran
In 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi officially changed the country’s name from Persia to Iran, a move reflecting national identity and modernization efforts. The change aimed to signify Iran’s new era and alignment with international norms.
Reza Shah’s policies emphasized modernization, centralization, and the development of infrastructure. The renaming was part of broader reforms to strengthen national unity and assert Iran’s sovereignty.
This decision marked a significant shift in how the country presented itself to the world, aligning with its ancient heritage. The name change continues to be a defining element of Iran’s national identity and history.
21. 1945 – WWII: British Troops Liberate Mandalay, Burma
In 1945, during the final stages of World War II, British forces liberated Mandalay, Burma, from Japanese occupation. This operation was a critical part of the Allied campaign to reclaim Burma and restore stability in Southeast Asia.
The liberation of Mandalay was strategically significant, disrupting Japanese supply lines and boosting Allied morale. It marked a turning point in the Burma Campaign, paving the way for further advances into the region.
The event highlighted the resilience and cooperation between Allied and local forces. Mandalay’s liberation remains a symbol of hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.
22. 1960 – Sharpeville Massacre: South African Police Kill 69 Anti-Apartheid Protesters
On March 21, 1960, the Sharpeville Massacre occurred, a horrific event in South Africa’s apartheid history. Police opened fire on a peaceful protest against pass laws, killing 69 people and injuring many more.
The protest was organized by the Pan Africanist Congress, opposing the oppressive apartheid regime. The massacre drew international condemnation and marked a turning point in the anti-apartheid movement.
It galvanized global awareness and increased support for the struggle against racial discrimination. Sharpeville remains a powerful reminder of the human cost of apartheid, symbolizing the fight for justice and equality in South Africa.
23. 1963 – Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary Officially Closes
In 1963, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, the infamous island prison in San Francisco Bay, officially closed its doors. Known for housing notorious criminals like Al Capone, Alcatraz was a symbol of maximum security and isolation.
The decision to close the prison was due to high operational costs and deteriorating facilities. After its closure, Alcatraz was transformed into a national park, attracting tourists worldwide.
The prison’s closure marked the end of an era in American penal history. Today, Alcatraz stands as a historical landmark, offering insight into the harsh realities of prison life and the changing philosophies of incarceration.
24. 1965 – Martin Luther King Jr. Leads 3,200 Marchers from Selma to Montgomery
On March 21, 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. led a historic march from Selma to Montgomery, advocating for voting rights. This peaceful protest followed earlier violent attempts, notably “Bloody Sunday,” where marchers faced brutal police opposition.
King’s leadership and determination highlighted the civil rights movement’s resolve. The march, spanning 54 miles, concluded with a rally at the Alabama State Capitol, drawing national attention to the struggle for justice.
It was instrumental in the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Selma to Montgomery march remains a testament to the power of nonviolent protest and collective action.
25. 1970 – The First Earth Day Proclamation is Issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto
In 1970, the first official Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto. This initiative marked the beginning of a global environmental movement, raising awareness about pollution and conservation.
Earth Day united people across the world, encouraging collective efforts to address environmental challenges. The San Francisco proclamation emphasized community engagement and sustainable practices.
It catalyzed policy changes and inspired future generations to prioritize ecological preservation.
Earth Day’s success led to the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of groundbreaking environmental laws. It continues to inspire environmental activism and advocacy worldwide.
26. 1980 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter Announces Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics
In 1980, President Jimmy Carter announced a U.S. boycott of the Moscow Olympics in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This decision was part of broader diplomatic efforts to pressure the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops.
The boycott led to significant controversy, affecting athletes who had trained for years to compete. Despite the political aims, the decision highlighted the complex interplay between sports and international relations.
It prompted discussions on the role of politics in the Olympics. The boycott remains a contentious moment in sports history, reflecting the geopolitical tensions of the Cold War era.
27. 1995 – Aum Shinrikyo Carries Out the Tokyo Subway Sarin Gas Attack
On March 20, 1995, Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese doomsday cult, executed a sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, causing widespread panic. This act of domestic terrorism resulted in 13 deaths and thousands of injuries.
The attack highlighted the dangers of extremist ideologies and the vulnerabilities of public transit systems. It prompted international condemnation and led to a crackdown on the cult by Japanese authorities.
The incident served as a wake-up call for global security measures and counter-terrorism efforts. The Tokyo subway attack remains a stark reminder of the threat posed by unconventional weapons and radical groups.
28. 2006 – The Social Media Platform Twitter (Now X) is Founded
In 2006, the social media platform Twitter, now known as X, was founded. Launched by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, Twitter revolutionized communication by introducing microblogging.
Its format allowed users to share brief updates or “tweets,” fostering real-time interaction. Twitter quickly gained popularity, becoming a platform for news, activism, and social connection.
It played a significant role in political movements, offering a voice to marginalized groups. Despite challenges, Twitter’s impact on digital communication and media is undeniable.
It has transformed the way people engage with information and each other, shaping the digital landscape.
29. 2022 – China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 Crashes, Killing 132 People
In 2022, tragedy struck when China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 crashed, killing all 132 people on board. The aircraft, a Boeing 737-800, plummeted in the Guangxi region, leaving a trail of devastation.
This incident was one of China’s deadliest air disasters, prompting intense investigations. The crash highlighted the importance of aviation safety and reinforced the need for stringent regulatory measures.
It led to global mourning and affected China Eastern Airlines’ operations. As investigators searched for answers, the focus remained on understanding the causes and preventing future tragedies. The crash remains a solemn reminder of aviation risks.