These 17 Historical Figures Have One Thing in Common: Nobody Knows Who They Really Were

General History
By Jasmine Hughes

History is full of names we recognize—but when you start digging, some of those names are wrapped in riddles. These 17 figures made headlines, sparked movements, or changed the world… yet their real identities remain a mystery. Here’s a look at the enigmas that continue to baffle historians and conspiracy theorists alike.

1. The Babushka Lady

© Historic Mysteries

In the chaos following President Kennedy’s assassination, the Babushka Lady stood out. Captured on film, she was seen photographing the event from a prime vantage point. Her identity, however, remains unknown despite intense investigation and widespread public interest. Could her footage hold the key to understanding that fateful day in Dallas? The enigma of the Babushka Lady endures, adding another layer of mystery to an already tragic historical event. A symbol of unanswered questions, her elusive presence continues to intrigue researchers and conspiracy theorists alike.

2. The Zodiac Killer

© CBS News

The Zodiac Killer taunted police with cryptic letters and gruesome murders in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Operating primarily in Northern California, this unidentified individual claimed responsibility for multiple deaths. Despite extensive investigations and public fear, he was never caught. His communications included ciphers that remain partially unsolved, sparking endless speculation about his identity. Was he a disgruntled loner or a calculating sociopath? The case remains open, with detectives and amateur sleuths alike still hunting for answers in this chilling tale of mystery and murder.

3. The Man in the Iron Mask

© The Vintage News

Imagine being imprisoned for life with your identity concealed behind an iron mask. Such was the fate of the Man in the Iron Mask, a mysterious prisoner in 17th-century France. Speculation about his true identity has captivated historians and inspired works of fiction. Was he a twin brother to King Louis XIV or an important political prisoner? Despite countless theories, the truth remains shrouded in secrecy. The intrigue surrounding his life and his obscure end continues to fascinate generations, making him a compelling figure in French history.

4. Kaspar Hauser

© Sky History

In 1828, a young man appeared in Nuremberg claiming to have been raised in isolation. Known as Kaspar Hauser, his mysterious past and tragic death sparked rumors that he was a lost prince. With his strange behavior and fragmented story, he captured the public’s imagination. Was he a pawn in a political game or just an unfortunate soul? Despite extensive inquiries, his true origins remain a puzzle. The intrigue surrounding Kaspar Hauser continues to captivate historians, making him a legendary figure in tales of royal conspiracy and enigma.

5. D.B. Cooper

© Newsweek

On a crisp November evening in 1971, a man known only as D.B. Cooper hijacked a plane and leapt into folklore. After extorting $200,000 in ransom, he parachuted into the night, vanishing without a trace. Despite an exhaustive manhunt, his identity and fate remain unknown, capturing the imagination of amateur detectives and law enforcement alike. Was he a skilled ex-military operative or a desperate man seeking a new life? The mystery of D.B. Cooper endures, a testament to one of history’s most audacious and baffling criminal escapades.

6. Banksy

© Murat Ülker

In the clandestine world of street art, one name reverberates more than any other: Banksy. Known for his satirical and provocative pieces, Banksy has captured global attention while keeping his true identity a secret. Is he a solo artist, a collective, or someone entirely unexpected? The speculation is endless, adding to the allure of his work. Banksy’s anonymity allows him to challenge societal norms and deliver powerful messages without personal identification, making him a modern-day enigma and a cultural phenomenon in the art world.

7. The Green Children of Woolpit

© The Lineup

In the sleepy village of Woolpit, medieval England, two children appeared with green skin and an unknown language. They claimed to hail from a subterranean world called St. Martin’s Land. Was it a case of folklore, malnutrition, or a distant reality? The mystery of the Green Children has puzzled historians for centuries. Their tale, recounted through generations, suggests a blend of myth and possible truth, engaging the curious mind in a dance between legend and history. The enigma of their origins continues to invite speculation and wonder.

8. The Count of St. Germain

© LiveAbout

The Count of St. Germain, an enigmatic figure of the 18th century, claimed to possess the secret of immortality. Known for his wit, charm, and supposed longevity, he mingled with European elites while shrouding his true origins in mystery. Was he an alchemist, a time-traveler, or just a clever charlatan? Legends tell of his miraculous feats and endless life, yet no concrete evidence of his ancestry or final resting place exists. This blend of mysticism and history continues to spark the imagination, perpetuating his legacy of eternal mystery.

9. Jack the Ripper

© London Top Sights Tours

In the cobblestone streets of Victorian London, Jack the Ripper lurked in the shadows. This notorious figure struck fear into the hearts of East End residents with a series of gruesome murders. Despite numerous investigations, his identity remains one of history’s greatest unsolved mysteries. Could he have been a member of the royal family, a butcher, or a doctor? Theories abound, but the truth remains elusive. Over a hundred years later, Jack the Ripper’s legend endures, leaving a chilling legacy in the annals of crime history.

10. Amelia Earhart

© BBC

Amelia Earhart, a pioneering aviator, vanished over the Pacific Ocean in 1937, sparking one of the greatest aviation mysteries. Did she crash into the sea, survive on a deserted island, or assume a new identity? Countless theories have emerged, each more intriguing than the last. Earhart’s adventurous spirit and groundbreaking achievements continue to inspire, while her disappearance tantalizes the curious. As investigations persist, the enigma of her fate captures the imagination, preserving her status as both a hero and a mystery within the annals of aviation history.

11. The Somerton Man

© All That’s Interesting

On a December morning in 1948, the body of an unidentified man was discovered on Somerton Beach, Australia. With no identification and a perplexing note reading “Tamam Shud,” the mystery deepened. Was he a spy, a victim of foul play, or something else entirely? Despite extensive investigations and DNA analysis, his identity remains unknown. The Somerton Man’s story is a blend of espionage, intrigue, and unanswered questions, captivating those who seek to unravel the secrets of one of Australia’s most puzzling cold cases.

12. Elisa Lam

© BBC

The tragic case of Elisa Lam at Los Angeles’ Cecil Hotel in 2013 became an internet phenomenon. Her last known moments, captured in chilling elevator footage, show her behaving erratically before her death. Despite being identified, the circumstances around her demise remain shrouded in mystery. Was it a tragic accident, foul play, or something more sinister? Theories range from paranormal activity to mental health crises. Lam’s story, fraught with unanswered questions, continues to intrigue and unsettle, fueling discussions about safety, mental health, and the supernatural.

13. The Copper Scroll Author

© Ancient Origins

Among the Dead Sea Scrolls lies the Copper Scroll, a unique artifact listing potential buried treasures. Written in a cryptic language, its author and the treasure’s location remain unknown. Was it penned by an ancient sect or a clever forger? Historians and treasure hunters alike ponder its origins, attempting to decode its secrets. The scroll’s enigmatic nature captivates those fascinated by biblical archaeology and ancient mysteries. Whether a genuine guide or an elaborate hoax, the Copper Scroll continues to provoke curiosity and scholarly debate.

14. William Shakespeare

© Popular Mechanics

William Shakespeare’s legacy as the bard of Avon is unquestioned, yet doubts persist about his identity. Was he truly the author of his works, or a front for another playwright? Theories suggest noblemen, women, or even a collective of writers. The debate over Shakespeare’s identity adds layers of intrigue to his timeless works. While his plays and sonnets continue to captivate audiences worldwide, the mystery of the true author tantalizes scholars and enthusiasts, blending the richness of literary history with a captivating enigma.

15. The Voynich Manuscript Creator

© Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Voynich Manuscript, an undeciphered tome filled with strange illustrations and unknown script, intrigues scholars and codebreakers alike. With its origins dating back to the 15th century, the book’s purpose and creator remain unknown. Was it a pharmacological guide, a work of fiction, or an elaborate hoax? Each theory adds to the allure, capturing the imagination of those who dare to unravel its secrets. The manuscript stands as a testament to the enduring appeal of the mysterious, provoking curiosity and scholarly effort in equal measure.

16. The Beast of Gévaudan

© My Modern Met

In the 1760s, the French countryside was terrorized by a creature known as the Beast of Gévaudan. Responsible for numerous attacks, its identity remains a mystery. Was it a wolf, a hyena, or something more supernatural? Despite organized hunts and widespread panic, the beast eluded capture, leaving a trail of fear and speculation. The saga of the Beast combines elements of folklore, mystery, and history, continuing to intrigue those who ponder the nature of this elusive predator. Its legend endures as a chilling reminder of the unknown in our midst.

17. Mother Shipton

© Third Eye Traveller

Mother Shipton, a 16th-century prophetess, captivated England with her uncanny predictions. But did she truly exist, or was she a fictional creation? Tales of her foresight, including events like the Great Fire of London, enhance her legend. Some historians suggest she was an invention to sell pamphlets, while others believe evidence of her prophecies remains. The mystery of Mother Shipton’s life and the accuracy of her visions continue to fascinate, offering a blend of myth and potential reality that keeps her story alive in cultural folklore.