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The 1970s were a pivotal decade for women’s rights, marked by groundbreaking movements, influential organizations, and inspiring figures who fought for gender equality.
This era saw the emergence of powerful advocates and transformative legislation. Here, we explore 36 key contributors to the women’s rights movement of the 1970s, celebrating their achievements in advancing gender equality.
Each entry captures the essence of their contributions, illustrating the diverse approaches and significant impacts they made during this transformative period.
Join us as we delve into the stories of these remarkable women and organizations that helped shape the path for future generations.
1. Bella Abzug
Bella Abzug was a formidable U.S. Representative known for her unabashed advocacy for women’s rights. Her iconic wide-brimmed hats and fiery speeches made her a recognizable figure in the feminist movement.
As a co-founder of the National Women’s Political Caucus, she played a crucial role in increasing women’s political representation. Her efforts in Congress were instrumental in promoting gender equality legislation.
Abzug was not just a politician but a trailblazer who inspired countless women to engage in politics. Her legacy endures as a symbol of feminist strength and determination.
2. Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan captured the frustration of many American housewives in her groundbreaking book, “The Feminine Mystique.” This work ignited widespread discussion about women’s roles in society.
Friedan’s influence extended beyond writing, as she co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) to advocate for women’s rights.
Her leadership helped NOW push for the passage of critical legislation, including the Equal Rights Amendment.
Friedan’s work reshaped cultural perceptions of women’s capabilities and potential, encouraging them to pursue careers and political engagement.
3. Billie Jean King
Billie Jean King’s victory in the 1973 “Battle of the Sexes” against Bobby Riggs was more than just a tennis match; it was a statement against gender stereotypes. As a tennis champion,
King used her platform to advocate for equal pay and opportunities for female athletes. Her triumph symbolized women’s fight for equality and challenged the belief that men were superior in sports.
Off the court, King founded the Women’s Tennis Association, advancing women’s professional tennis. Her legacy continues to inspire athletes striving for gender equality.
4. Dorothy Pitman Hughes
Dorothy Pitman Hughes was a passionate feminist activist and a pivotal figure in the women’s liberation movement. Alongside Gloria Steinem, she co-founded Ms. Magazine, a publication that provided a platform for feminist voices. Hughes’s work extended beyond publishing; she was a dynamic public speaker and community organizer, focusing on issues such as childcare and racial equality. Her ability to connect with diverse audiences made her a respected leader in the movement.
5. Flo Kennedy (Florynce Kennedy)
Flo Kennedy was a formidable force in the civil rights and feminist movements, known for her sharp wit and bold style. As an attorney, she fought against systemic discrimination, using her legal expertise to advocate for marginalized communities. Kennedy’s activism was characterized by her ability to organize high-profile protests, often addressing both racial and gender inequalities. Her work laid the groundwork for intersectional feminism, highlighting the interconnectedness of various forms of oppression.
6. Gloria Steinem
Gloria Steinem emerged as a leading voice in the women’s rights movement through her work as a journalist and activist. Co-founding Ms. Magazine with Dorothy Pitman Hughes, Steinem helped create a platform for feminist discourse. Her articulate and passionate advocacy made her a prominent spokesperson, addressing issues from reproductive rights to workplace equality. Steinem’s efforts in organizing rallies and empowering women to speak out against injustice cemented her legacy as a key figure in the feminist movement.
7. Margaret Sloan-Hunter
Margaret Sloan-Hunter was a pioneering figure in the Black feminist and lesbian movements. As a co-founder of the National Black Feminist Organization, she addressed the unique challenges faced by Black women. Sloan-Hunter’s activism emphasized the importance of intersectionality, advocating for inclusivity within the feminist movement. Her work in organizing events and speaking engagements helped amplify the voices of marginalized women, fostering a more diverse and representative movement.
8. Marilyn French
Marilyn French’s novel “The Women’s Room” became a cultural touchstone for second-wave feminism. The book candidly explored the constraints of traditional gender roles and resonated with many women seeking change. French’s writing captured the personal and political aspects of the feminist movement, inspiring readers to question societal norms. Her work contributed significantly to the discourse on women’s liberation and empowerment during the 1970s.
9. Martha Cotera
Martha Cotera was a key figure in the Chicana feminist movement, using her writing to explore the intersections of culture, gender, and identity. Her book, “The Chicana Feminist,” provided a critical perspective on the unique struggles faced by Chicana women. Cotera’s work as a librarian and writer helped preserve and promote the contributions of Chicana women to the broader feminist movement. Her advocacy for cultural pride and gender equality made her a respected voice in the movement.
10. Phyllis Schlafly
Phyllis Schlafly was a prominent conservative activist known for her opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment. Leading the STOP ERA campaign, she argued that the amendment threatened traditional family structures. Schlafly’s activism mobilized a significant conservative base, impacting the national debate on gender equality. Her efforts demonstrated the complexities of the women’s rights movement, highlighting the diverse perspectives that shaped the era.
11. Shirley Chisholm
Shirley Chisholm broke barriers as the first Black woman elected to Congress and the first Black major-party candidate for President. Her campaign, with the slogan “Unbought and Unbossed,” emphasized equality and justice. Chisholm’s political career focused on advocating for minority rights and social justice. Her trailblazing efforts inspired future generations of women and people of color to pursue political careers, making her a symbol of perseverance and progress.
12. Wilma Mankiller
Wilma Mankiller was deeply involved in advocacy and community organizing efforts during the 1970s, focusing on women’s rights and indigenous issues. Her leadership skills became evident as she mobilized support for community development projects. Mankiller’s commitment to social justice and empowerment laid the foundation for her later achievements as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Her early work in the 1970s amplified indigenous voices and contributed to the broader feminist movement.
13. Anna Nieto-Gómez
Anna Nieto-Gómez was a dynamic Chicana feminist activist who founded Hijas de Cuauhtémoc to combat sexism within the Chicano movement. Her activism highlighted the intersection of gender and cultural identity. Nieto-Gómez’s leadership and dedication to social justice inspired many young women to join the struggle for equality. Her work created a space for dialogue and action, addressing the unique challenges faced by Chicana women.
14. Del Martin & Phyllis Lyon
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon were pioneering figures in the LGBTQ+ rights movement. As founders of the Daughters of Bilitis, they created one of the first lesbian organizations in the U.S. In the 1970s, their activism expanded to include broader women’s rights issues. Martin and Lyon’s work fostered a sense of community and empowerment among LGBTQ+ and feminist groups, paving the way for future advancements in equality.
15. National Organization for Women (NOW)
The National Organization for Women (NOW), founded in 1966, was a driving force in the 1970s for legislative and social change. Central to campaigns for the Equal Rights Amendment, reproductive rights, and workplace equality, NOW galvanized women nationwide. With a focus on activism and advocacy, NOW organized marches, rallies, and legal challenges. Its efforts brought significant attention to women’s issues, influencing policy changes and public attitudes. NOW’s legacy remains vital in the ongoing struggle for gender equality.
16. National Women’s Political Caucus (NWPC)
The National Women’s Political Caucus (NWPC) was established in 1971 to increase women’s political representation. Co-founded by Bella Abzug, Shirley Chisholm, Betty Friedan, and other influential figures, the NWPC aimed to break down barriers facing women in politics. Through training, support, and advocacy, the NWPC empowered women to run for office and assume leadership roles. This organization played a crucial role in diversifying political participation, advocating for policies that reflect women’s interests and perspectives.
17. Combahee River Collective (1974–1980)
The Combahee River Collective was a pioneering Black feminist lesbian group active from 1974 to 1980. Their statement emphasized the importance of intersectionality, highlighting how race, gender, and sexuality intersect. The collective’s work provided a framework for understanding multiple forms of oppression. By focusing on the unique experiences of Black women, the Combahee River Collective advanced discussions on inclusivity within feminist and social movements.
18. National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO)
Founded in 1973, the National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO) sought to address the unique challenges faced by Black women. Led by figures like Margaret Sloan-Hunter, the NBFO advocated for intersectional approaches to feminism. The organization’s efforts included organizing conferences, publishing literature, and fostering community empowerment. The NBFO’s work emphasized the need for inclusive and representative feminist movements, addressing both racial and gender inequalities.
19. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective
The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective produced “Our Bodies, Ourselves” in 1971, a groundbreaking health guide that empowered women with knowledge about their bodies. This publication transformed women’s health advocacy and education. By addressing topics often ignored or misunderstood, the collective provided women with essential information for making informed health decisions. “Our Bodies, Ourselves” became a critical resource, promoting autonomy and self-awareness in women’s healthcare.
20. Redstockings
Redstockings, a radical feminist group, was influential in the 1970s, known for its consciousness-raising sessions. These gatherings encouraged women to share personal experiences, fostering solidarity and awareness. The group’s early abortion “speak-outs” challenged societal taboos and advocated for reproductive rights. Redstockings’ efforts were instrumental in bringing women’s issues to the forefront of public consciousness, influencing later feminist activism.
21. The Furies Collective
The Furies Collective was a short-lived but impactful lesbian separatist group active from 1971 to 1973. They published “The Furies” newspaper, which addressed issues of lesbian feminism and separatism. Their work emphasized the importance of creating spaces for lesbian voices and advocating for systemic change. Though brief, The Furies Collective left a lasting impact on the feminist and LGBTQ+ movements, promoting dialogue and awareness.
22. Women’s Equity Action League (WEAL)
The Women’s Equity Action League (WEAL) was dedicated to eradicating sex discrimination, particularly in education and employment sectors. Through advocacy and legal action, WEAL worked to ensure equal opportunities for women. Their initiatives included lobbying for legislation and supporting legal challenges, making significant strides in achieving workplace equality. WEAL’s efforts contributed to the broader movement for gender equality, impacting policies and perceptions.
23. National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL)
The National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL), founded in 1969, became a leading voice in the fight for abortion rights. During the 1970s, NARAL’s advocacy focused on securing reproductive freedom for women. Through lobbying, public campaigns, and legal challenges, NARAL worked to protect and expand access to safe and legal abortion. Their efforts were vital in shaping public discourse and influencing policy changes related to reproductive rights.
24. Title IX (1972)
Title IX, enacted in 1972, was a landmark piece of legislation that prohibited sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs. This policy opened doors for women in academics and athletics. By ensuring equal opportunities, Title IX transformed the educational landscape, leading to increased participation of women in various fields. Its impact extended beyond education, challenging societal norms and promoting gender equality.
25. Roe v. Wade (1973)
The 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade was a monumental victory for reproductive rights, legalizing abortion nationwide. This ruling affirmed women’s autonomy over their own bodies. Roe v. Wade catalyzed debates on reproductive freedom, influencing both legislation and public opinion. Its impact continues to resonate in contemporary discussions about women’s rights and healthcare access.
26. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
The Equal Rights Amendment, passed by Congress in 1972, sought to guarantee equal legal rights for all sexes. Despite widespread support, it was not ratified by enough states by the 1982 deadline. The ERA’s journey highlighted both progress and challenges in the fight for gender equality. It remains a symbol of the ongoing struggle to achieve comprehensive legal recognition of women’s rights.
27. Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974)
The Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 marked a significant advancement in financial equality, prohibiting credit discrimination based on sex or marital status. This legislation enabled women to access credit independently. By dismantling barriers in the financial sector, the Act empowered women to make autonomous economic decisions. Its impact extended beyond finances, promoting broader gender equality and independence.
28. Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978)
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 amended Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting workplace discrimination based on pregnancy. This law ensured that pregnant women were treated fairly in employment. By recognizing pregnancy discrimination as a form of sex discrimination, the Act provided critical protections. It played a crucial role in advancing workplace equality, ensuring that women could pursue careers without facing unfair treatment.
29. Comprehensive Child Development Act (1971) (Vetoed)
The Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971 aimed to establish a national childcare system. Although it passed both Congress chambers, it was vetoed by President Nixon. The Act represented a progressive effort to support working families and promote early childhood education. Its veto highlighted the political challenges of implementing comprehensive social policies, but it remains a reference point in childcare advocacy.
30. Women’s Strike for Equality (1970)
The Women’s Strike for Equality, organized in 1970 by Betty Friedan and NOW, commemorated the 50th anniversary of women’s suffrage. This event highlighted demands for equal opportunities, childcare, and legal abortion. Thousands of women participated nationwide, drawing attention to ongoing gender disparities. The strike emphasized the need for continued activism and legislative change, inspiring future generations to advocate for women’s rights.
31. “Battle of the Sexes” (1973)
The 1973 “Battle of the Sexes” tennis match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs was a landmark event in sports history. King’s victory challenged gender norms and symbolized the broader fight for women’s equality. This match transcended tennis, highlighting issues of gender bias and inspiring women to pursue equality in various fields. King’s triumph remains a powerful testament to the capabilities of women athletes.
32. “Our Bodies, Ourselves” (1971)
Published in 1971 by the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, “Our Bodies, Ourselves” revolutionized women’s health education. This manual provided women with essential information about their bodies, fostering empowerment and autonomy. The book addressed topics often overlooked in traditional healthcare, advocating for informed decision-making. Its impact was profound, transforming women’s understanding of health and sparking broader discussions on reproductive rights.
33. Rise of Women’s Shelters & Anti-Domestic Violence Advocacy
The mid-1970s saw the establishment of the first battered women’s shelters, such as Women’s Advocates in St. Paul (1974), marking a significant shift in addressing domestic violence. These shelters provided safety and support for women escaping abuse, highlighting the need for systemic change. The rise of anti-domestic violence advocacy brought awareness to this critical issue, leading to policy reforms and increased support for victims.
34. Women-Run Bookstores & Feminist Publishing Houses
The 1970s saw a proliferation of women-run bookstores and feminist publishing houses, such as Women & Children First and Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. These spaces offered access to feminist literature and ideas, fostering community and empowerment. They played a crucial role in disseminating feminist thought, supporting authors, and providing a platform for diverse voices within the movement.
35. STOP ERA Campaign
The STOP ERA campaign, led by Phyllis Schlafly, was a formidable opposition movement against the Equal Rights Amendment. Advocating for traditional gender roles, Schlafly mobilized support nationwide. The campaign’s success in preventing the ERA’s ratification highlighted the era’s ideological divides. STOP ERA’s influence demonstrated the complexity of achieving consensus in the women’s rights movement.
36. Intersectional & LGBTQ+ Feminism Grows
The 1970s witnessed the growth of intersectional and LGBTQ+ feminism, as Chicana, Black, and lesbian groups emerged to broaden the movement’s scope. These groups challenged racism and homophobia within mainstream feminism. Their activism emphasized the need for diverse perspectives and inclusivity. By addressing multiple forms of oppression, these movements enriched the feminist discourse and advocated for comprehensive social justice.