Back in Time Today
He was a one-man army. Armed with a rifle, a knife, and pure grit, William Henry Johnson earned the nickname “Black Death” on a battlefield in France during World War I.
Yet despite his heroics, his story was nearly lost to history. Here are 10 facts that reveal just how incredible—and tragic—his journey really was.
1. He Took On 20 German Soldiers—Alone
During a surprise night attack in 1918, Johnson fought off a German raiding party nearly single-handedly to save his comrade. His fearless act of courage occurred when his unit was stationed in the Argonne Forest.
Surrounded by the enemy, he used his rifle until he ran out of ammunition. This act not only showcased his bravery but also his quick thinking and determination.
Johnson’s unwavering resolve was nothing short of inspiring, earning him admiration and respect from his fellow soldiers. The story of that night would later become a legendary tale of bravery.
2. He Fought with a Knife When Ammo Ran Out
Out of bullets and badly wounded, Johnson continued fighting with his bolo knife, refusing to be taken alive. His ability to adapt in a dire situation spoke volumes about his character.
The knife fight was not just a testament to his training, but also his grit and relentless spirit. In the heat of battle, Johnson’s actions set a precedent for valor. Wounded and without hope for backup, his refusal to surrender marked him as a true hero.
His story demonstrated the tenacity of the human spirit under the most challenging conditions.
3. He Was the First American Hero of WWI
His actions were hailed in newspapers back home before any white soldiers had received similar attention. Johnson’s heroism during WWI marked a pivotal moment in American history.
His acknowledgment in the media highlighted not only his personal achievements but also the contributions of Black soldiers. Despite racial prejudices of the time, his bravery could not be ignored.
The news coverage served as a beacon of hope and pride for many. Johnson’s recognition was a critical step in acknowledging the equal capabilities of Black soldiers, paving the way for future generations.
4. The U.S. Military Refused to Honor Him Properly
Despite his bravery, Johnson was denied a Purple Heart or other major honors during his lifetime by the U.S. government. This denial reflected the systemic racism prevalent during that era.
His achievements were overshadowed by racial bias, leaving him without the recognition he deserved. The lack of official honors was a glaring omission that remained unresolved for decades.
This injustice fueled conversations about racial inequality within the military. Johnson’s story serves as a stark reminder of the challenges faced by Black veterans seeking acknowledgment for their service and sacrifice.
5. France Stepped Up When America Wouldn’t
The French government awarded him the Croix de Guerre, one of their highest military honors. This award was a testament to his bravery and skill on the battlefield.
Unlike the U.S., France recognized his courage without prejudice, celebrating his contributions to the war effort. Johnson’s receipt of the Croix de Guerre highlighted the disparity in acknowledgment between the two nations.
This recognition served as a poignant contrast to the treatment he received at home. It underscored the importance of recognizing valor, regardless of race, and inspired calls for justice and equality.
6. He Was Part of the Harlem Hellfighters
Johnson served in the 369th Infantry Regiment, an all-Black unit known for their fierce fighting and unmatched bravery. The Harlem Hellfighters, as they were called, became one of the most decorated units of World War I.
Their courage in battle challenged stereotypes and broke barriers. Johnson’s role in this esteemed group was pivotal. The unit’s success symbolized the potential and resilience of Black soldiers.
Their legacy lives on as a testament to their hard work and dedication. Johnson’s involvement with the Harlem Hellfighters remained a source of pride throughout his life.
7. He Suffered 21 Wounds—and Never Recovered
Johnson endured lifelong injuries and pain, and struggled to find steady work after returning from the war. His 21 wounds were a physical testament to his bravery and sacrifice. Despite his heroism, he faced a harsh reality upon his return.
The lack of support for veterans, especially Black veterans, compounded his struggles. His story is a reminder of the ongoing battle many soldiers face long after the war ends.
Johnson’s resilience in the face of adversity is a powerful narrative of survival and perseverance, even when society fails its heroes.
8. He Exposed the Racism of the U.S. Military
Johnson publicly criticized the U.S. government for its treatment of Black veterans—an incredibly bold move in the 1920s. His outspoken criticism highlighted the racial injustices within the military system.
By speaking out, he risked personal backlash, yet his courage inspired others to voice their grievances. Johnson’s actions drew attention to the need for systemic change. His bravery off the battlefield was as remarkable as his heroics in combat.
His legacy continued to inspire future generations to challenge inequality. Johnson’s fight for justice was as vital as his fight in the war.
9. He Died Penniless and Forgotten
Johnson passed away in 1929, broke, broken, and virtually ignored by the nation he fought to protect. His story is a tragic reminder of the neglect veterans often face. Despite his sacrifices, he received little support or recognition in his final years.
The injustice of his situation sparked outrage and calls for change. His legacy is a cautionary tale of the cost of war and the importance of honoring those who serve.
Johnson’s life story remains a poignant narrative of heroism overshadowed by systemic neglect, yet his courage continues to inspire.
10. He Was Finally Recognized—Nearly 100 Years Later
In 2015, President Obama posthumously awarded him the Medal of Honor, finally giving him the recognition he deserved. This long-overdue honor acknowledged the bravery and sacrifice Johnson demonstrated during World War I.
The ceremony served as a moment of reflection on past injustices. It was a powerful reminder of the need to rectify historical wrongs. Johnson’s posthumous recognition was celebrated as a victory for those who fought for his acknowledgment.
The award highlighted the importance of perseverance in seeking justice and served as an inspiration to honor all forgotten heroes, regardless of race.